11 Terrorist Attacks Essays

9/11 Terrorist Attacks Essays 9/11 Terrorist Attacks Essay 9/11 Terrorist Attacks Essay An Analysis of the 9/11 Terrorist Attack On September 11, 2001, 19 Al Qaeda psychological oppressors seized four United States business carriers going from the east coast to California. The robbers coercively assumed responsibility for four planes. Two planes were intentionally collided with the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. The third airplane was flown into the Pentagon working in Washington DC. The fourth plane arrived in a Pennsylvania field. The entirety of the individuals on board the airplanes were executed. There were 2996 individuals murdered including the ruffians and the aircraft travelers and the casualties on the ground in New York and Washington DC. A sum of 836 specialists on call likewise kicked the bucket as the consequence of their endeavors to safeguard individuals in the WTC before it crumbled (The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004). As indicated by the US government, 9/11 was a demonstration of war. The United States government, state and nearby organizations prepared during the fiasco. Casualties in New York and Washington DC were taken to region emergency clinics for clinical treatment. As the aftereffect of the psychological militant assault, the legislature founded a progression of measures that changed the United States strategy towards fear based oppression and country security. The fallout of the World Trade Center and Pentagon assaults left the nation in a condition of stun. The report on 9/11 subtleties the means taken by the administration during the assault on the WTC and the Pentagon. The assaults created wide-spread turmoil among air traffic controllers and news associations. During 9/11, the administration utilized radio and TV to speak with individuals and educate them regarding the circumstance. Horrifying scenes of the destruction were replayed in the media. Government and state organizations spoke with one another through radio and walkie talkie. Mobile phone and telephone utilities were outlandish; on the grounds that, the volume of calls debilitated interchanges systems. Due to the chance of increasingly 9/11 style assaults, the administration quickly summoned SCATANA, Security Control of Air Traffic and Navigation Aids. (US) airspace was shut to all airplane aside from military airplane, and the US fringe was shut to global travel. Planes that were in flight were requested to land right away. Global planes that were making a trip to the United States had to land in Mexico or Canada. Since the 9/11 fear based oppressors focused on the White House and the Pentagon, the central government made an alternate course of action for the coherence of government in instances of crisis. Also, an arrangement for the departure of the top American political pioneers was created and actualized if there should arise an occurrence of future fear based oppressor assaults (The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004). On September 11, 2011, the legislature announced a highly sensitive situation. The United States military and the National Guard were assembled. The conditions of CT, NJ, NY, and VA likewise activated assets. The administration passed the USA Patriot Act which permitted law authorization authorities to attack the security of residents associated with psychological oppression. The National Security Agency likewise utilized listening gadgets to spy on the phone and email correspondences of individuals in the USA and different nations without a warrant. Furthermore, The Homeland Security Act was passed in 2002 to shield the United States from fear based oppression and cataclysmic events. As a result of the Patriot Act, a few of the driving forces of the 9/11 fear monger assaults were caught, as Khalid Sheik Mohammed (The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004). After the main assault in New York, the New York Police Department (NYPD), Port Authority Police Department (PAPD), and Emergency Medical Service (EMS) were assembled to think about the injured, direct inquiry and salvage activities. In New York City, the metro was shut and primary streets were cleared for crisis use. In Washington DC, comparable moves were made to make sure about the city and the encompassing region. In New York, the Fire Department of New York (FDNY) additionally started search and salvage and firefighting endeavors. After the second plane smashed, 2000 NYPD officials raced to the World Trade Center. What's more, there were various port power officials organizing endeavors with the NYPD and FDNY. In New York City, the Office of Emergency Management (OEM) was situated at the WTC. Challenges happened in New York on the grounds that the OEM office was pulverized after the subsequent plane accident and needed to move. Also, numerous individuals were caught in the WTC since housetop salvages were unrealistic, and airspace was shut. The specialists and individuals caught in the WTC were not ready for the mass clearing which happened. Insufficient interchanges likewise made issues in the outcome of 9/11. Government and nearby offices spoke with each other by radio or walkie talkie, as PDA correspondences were outlandish. Issues happened with the state and nearby reaction in New York in light of the fact that the quantity of 911 considers crippled the crisis channels. Moreover, messages to people on call were given erroneously which caused issues with search and salvage activities. People on call in New York neglected to get applicable radio messages which brought about the passings of firemen and regular folks (The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004). A triage station was set up, at the WTC, to treat casualties with wounds and transport them to region medical clinics. Issues happened in light of absence of correspondence among the EMS staff and territory clinics. Moreover, there was no helicopter transport for the most basically harmed patients. A few reports proposed that a large number of the doctors who turned out to be people on call were not sufficiently prepared in crisis clinical systems (Simon Teperman, 2001). In Washington DC, nearby, territorial, state, government, police, fire, and military offices reacted to the Pentagon assault. Also, FEMA, the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms, Red Cross, Department of Defense, Ronald Reagan National Airport Fire Department, and the VA Department of Emergency Management helped. Preceding the Pentagon assault, the legislature got guidance ahead of time of the commandeering and started clearing all staff. Due to the quick departure of the Pentagon and dexterous activation of the state government and neighborhood offices, there were less setbacks than in New York. Correspondence in Washington DC was directed by pagers and walkie talkies, as radio and phones didn't work. In the consequence of the assault, Operation Solace and the Dilorenzo Clinic were set up to give families and survivors of the assault with emotional well-being care and treatment. Pentagon laborers were desensitized and come back to function as fast as could be expected under the circumstances. Activity Solace and the Dilorenzo Clinic were profoundly fruitful. Individuals had the option to come back to work inside a few days of the assault, and there were no drawn out psychological well-being outcomes. The Pentagon Family Assistance Center was made to help individuals who lost a relative and were destitute due to the assault. Destitute families were housed in the Sheraton lodging for a month and furnished with lodging help. The administration likewise helped families with budgetary help and dedication administrations (Ritchie, n. d. ). The 9/11 psychological militant assaults were the primary huge scope assaults in America since Pearl Harbor. The administration ought to be given acknowledgment for assembling rapidly, and quickly building up administrations to think about the injured. Since the administration made quick move, shut airspace and cautioned the pentagon of the looming assault, lives were spared. Issues with the 9/11 reaction happened in the territories of correspondence and absence of preparing in some specialists on call. In future calamities, correspondence ought to be directed by walkie talkie or instant message rather than radio and mobile phone. Studies have likewise proposed that specialists on call need better preparing to deal with enormous scope crisis occasions. In the 9/11 catastrophe, more than 3000 individuals lost their lives. Be that as it may, due to the gallant activities of the American individuals and government and neighborhood offices, numerous individuals endure the catastrophe. The exercise of 9/11 keeps on influencing American strategy on fear based oppression and catastrophe arranging, at the state and government level (The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004). References (National Commision On Terrorist Attacks 2004 9/11 commission report)The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks (2004). The 9/11 commission report (). Recovered May 10, 2011, from The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks site: 9-11commission. gov/report/911Report. pdf (Ritchie E 2011510 9/11 reaction to the pentagon)Ritchie, E. (n. d. ). The 9/11 reaction to the pentagon. Recovered May 10, 2011, from newpaltz. edu/idmh/keynote3ritchie. pdf (Simon R Teperman S 2001 World Trade Center assault: Lessons for debacle management)Simon, R. , Teperman, S. (2001). The World Trade Center assault: Lessons for calamity the executives. Basic Care, 5(6), 318-320. (US Government 20010911 George W. Bramble 9/11 location to the nation)United States Government. (2001, September 11). George W. Shrub 9/11 location to the country. Recovered May 10, 2011, from americanrhetoric. com/talks/gwbush911addresstothenation. htm

Safety paper free essay sample

Individual Protective Equipment that can be utilized while working with power. When taking a gander at a hard cap a Type II Class E is the one you requirement for head assurance against power. Another is thick elastic gloves that are evaluated for the power that you are taking a shot at. On the glove it will have a voltage rating, the glove will just ensure up to the voltage that is on the glove and nothing higher. Reasons for electric shock fatalities fluctuate. Some are with contact with overhead electrical cables. Contact with live circuits is a typical one. Not following lock out tag out techniques. Additionally ineffectively kept up electrical ropes as well as blemished force instruments. Lock out tag out is significant and each worker should know the principles and guidelines with it. The principal activity with is to put a tag on each disengaging implies so t de-invigorates the machine and additionally circuits. We will compose a custom paper test on Wellbeing paper or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page There all so ought to be a lock on these separates. The most significant thing is that solitary the individual who put the tag on the machine or electrical circuit can evacuate the lock and set the machine back in to activity. To have the option to chip away at electrical gear you should get exceptional preparing. You should have safe work rehearses, with legitimate individual defensive hardware. That individual must realize how to seclude the electric sources. They will likewise have the best possible test gear and devices. You should be approved to lead electrical work. There are huge amounts of vitality sources that can produce an electrical flow a portion of these incorporate sun oriented, wind vitality, batteries and so on. In segment 1910. 304 of the OSHA site this area discusses the diverse wiring structures and insurance. Wires must have a 3 prong ground on all force devices and this can't be evacuated. Doing so would be an infringement. There are additionally various sorts of protecting material that are utilized with the goal that the power will remain securely inside and have long stretches of wear. On the off chance that a force instrument string gets worn out you may supplant it. You can just supplant it with a voltage rating that is the equivalent or more prominent. circuit interrupter. This gadget will shield you from a stun in around 1/40th of a second. This works by identifying the distinction in current between the dark and hite wires. In the event that you do happen to get stunned, its seriousness will rely upon the way of which the current experienced the body. Another factor will be the measure of current or amps that are streaming however the body. The exact opposite thing that plays a factor in the seriousness is the length of the present that is streaming however the body. There are a couple various kinds of wounds that are related with power. One would be immediate which would be the electrical stun or electric shock/demise. This ould additionally incorporate any consumes that you may have. The second would be backhanded which would incorporate the falling in the wake of being stunned like Offa stepping stool. Or on the other hand a fire that would be brought about by the sparkles. One of the most widely recognized wounds would be electrical consumes. These generally need consideration as quickly as time permits and can be intense or cause passing. This is normal happens when an electrical wire is contacted and is generally basic on the hands. One approach to ensure representatives and visitors realize that they could get shocked is to post signs.

The convict Essay Example for Free

The convict Essay He says the thick-ribbed divider that oershawdow the entryway to offered out his input about what he thinks the jail resembles. He makes word pictures since he needs the entirety of his perusers to envision the state of the jail. By and by, I feel that the jail, which the speaker is discussing, would be appearing as though a château with an extremely thick and monster divider encompassing the focal point of the structure. William Wordsworth had recorded what he had felt about the jail. He depicts his sentiments when he initial steps into the jail. In the third verse, the third and forward lines I 3 respite; and finally, through the glinting mesh, that pariah of pity view. He given out his inclination when he strolls through the door, William Wordsworth imagines that the jail is feel sorry for. Samuel Coleridge additionally shows his emotions about the jail, however he doesn't make reference to the structure of the jail. He just depicts the environment inside the jail. Dissimilar to William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge doesn't utilize one of these casualties inside the jail to help his negative depiction of the jail. In The Convict, we realize that the speaker is concentrating on only one detainees life and the entire sonnet is simply encompassing this detainee. Anyway we have not been mentioned to that what that detainee had done, which had made him be imprisoned. In spite of the fact that we don't have the foggiest idea about his wrongdoing, we realize that he is held hostage in what Wordsworth calls a prison in line 10. The way that the primary character of this sonnet is a convict shows that Wordsworth is staying consistent with his guarantee of depicting characters of low and provincial life. It isn't hard for us all to think about what the language would be in the sonnets before we began perusing the sonnets. The language inside these two sonnets coordinates the title jail. Both of these two sonnets utilizes negative descriptive word to help the essayists sees. For instance dull and poor supports the perspectives from the two scholars. In the sonnet The Convict we can locate the sort of language that we would expect, in the semantic field. It reproduces the dim climate of a jail with words, for example, profound and trouble in lines 7, feel sorry for in lines 12, dim in line 25, fear in lines 40, casualty in lines 45 and ailment in lines 32. The most great one is his life-blood is dried in lines 21 since I think these are the most reasonable words to speak to the authors considerations about these detainees. The idea of opportunity as an essential law of nature is clear in the initial lines of The Convict. The sonnet starts with a moving depiction of night in which The wonder of night was spread through the west in line1. The speaker goes on to clarifying that a sentiment of euphoria that returns the quiet period of rest. Opportunity will recuperate the clouded side of detainees. Rang noisy through the knoll and wood in line3-4. 4 In The Dungeon we can locate a similar sort of semantic field with words, for example, poor and against in lines 3, destitution in lines7, savage faces in lines 14, detestable in lines 7. Be that as it may, I think there is one portrayal which is the most reasonable to communicate the essayists feeling about the detainment facilities. In line 13 and forlorn isolation, moaning and tears, communicates the sentiment of the essayist when he initially strolled inside the jail, he appears to have composed the sonnet since he didn't care for the climate in the jail. Be that as it may, we can likewise locate another lexical field that inspires an expectation in the last barely any refrains in both these two sonnets. In The Dungeon, the author utilizes the last refrains to make an environment which is inverse to the main verse. The words, for example, Nature in lines 20, bright and reasonable in lines 23 are largely positive language and that is the thing that the author needs to change to give a superior condition to these detainees. A similar strategy of utilizing positive language likewise shows up in The Convict, for instance plant thee again at long last line, sibling share in lines 48. In any case, by contrasting The Dungeon and The Convict, the author of The cell is by all accounts utilizing more positive language as opposed to The Dungeon. The language likewise reveals to us that the goal of these two journalists to change the conditions inside the detainment facilities is extremely solid. However, the various degrees of utilizing language between these two sonnets may communicate the various degrees of scorn between these two artists. I think in The Dungeon, Samuel Taylor has utilized his own view to record what he felt about the jail. Then again, in The Convict, William Wordsworth has a third individual been utilizing a third people view to communicate and to record the poor state of detainees. By and large, the talk and language, I think the speaker utilizes in The Convict shows more contempt than the speaker utilizes in The Dungeon. The idea of opportunity as an essential law in these two sonnets is apparent. The Convict starts with a moving portrayal of sunset in which The magnificence of night was spread through the west in line1. What's more, The Dungeon shows the satisfaction of opportunity Thy bright tints, reasonable structures, and breathing desserts in line 23. I think both about these two sonnets are utilizing a basic and direct language to communicate their principle thoughts. Furthermore, some of the time incongruity and symbolism shows up over and over to stress the significance of opportunity.

OSPAR Convention and the Helsinki Convention of 1992 - 1100 Words

Comparing and Contrasting the OSPAR Convention and the Helsinki Convention of 1992 (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourseDateComparing and Contrasting the OSPAR Convention and the Helsinki Convention of 1992Most environmental problems have international repercussions. Many such problems occur on a global scope and; thus, individual countries may not fully address or mitigate them. Therefore, environmental concerns require the attention of global or international bodies in order to be fully addressed. Consequently, a number of international agreements, also known as conventions, have been formed to address international environmental problems. Two such agreements are the OSPAR Convention and the Helsinki Convention.[European Commission. Multilateral Environmental Agreements. European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/agreements_en.htm] The OSPAR Convention, officially recognized as the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, is a legislative tool for overseeing international cooperation on envi ronmental concerns of the North-East Atlantic. It is also an update on the 1972 Oslo Convention that regulated the dumping of waste at sea. The OSPAR Convention is managed by 15 representatives of governments of the signatory nations, and the European Commission. The Helsinki Convention, on the other hand, is an international agreement concerning the prevention and elimination of pollution of the Baltic Sea. The two conventions, the OSPAR and the Helsinki Convention, have various similarities and differences.Similarities between the OSPAR and Helsinki ConventionsFirst, both conventions take measures to prevent and eliminate water pollution. The OSPAR Convention watches and protects the North-East Atlantic Ocean from man-made pollution. It regulates the standards practiced by European nations on the marine biodiversity and the release of hazardous and radioactive materials into seas. The convention also monitors offshore oil and gas industries to ensure that these industries do not d ispose their waste products into the ocean. The Helsinki Convention is similarly concerned with the protection of the maritime environment. The member states of the Helsinki Convention agreed to take administrative, legislative and other appropriate measures to eliminate and prevent pollution of the Baltic Sea. By so doing, they individually or jointly undertake to restore the ecological balance of the Baltic Sea and the preservation of its ecology. Therefore, both conventions deal with the protection and elimination of pollution in the maritime environment.[OSPAR Convention. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic. /html_documents/ospar/html/ospar_convention_e_updated_text_2007.pdf] [Sadeleer, N. Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Approaches from the Nordic Countries, the EU and USA.(Earthscan, 2008)] Secondly, both the OSPAR and the Helsinki Conventions are international agreements involving the European Commission. The member stat es of the OSPAR Conventions, in addition to the European Commission, include France, Germany, Ireland, the UK and the Netherlands, among others. The Helsinki Convention brings together countries such as Germany, Finland, Czechoslovakia and Sweden, among others. The European Commission is also a member of the Helsinki convention. The role of the European Commission in the two Conventions is significant. The European Commission binds the entire European Community into the agreements of both OSPAR and Helsinki Conventions. Consequently, even non-member countries are obliged to uphold measures on the protection of maritime environment.Third, both the OSPAR and the Helsinki Conventions deal with the restoration of the marine areas that have been adversely affected by pollution or other environmentally harmful activities. The OSPAR Convention undertakes measures to restore marine areas around the North-East Atlantic Ocean and to ensure that such areas regain their ecological balance. This is important because ocean waters may receive pollution from various quarters, including inadvertent human activity. Consequently, some areas may be affected adversely from causes that are beyond manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s control. In such cases, the OSPAR Convention takes it as its responsibility to take remedial measures to environmentally heal such places. The Helsinki Convention, similarly, takes it upon itself to restore the biodiversity and ecological balance of the areas around the Baltic Sea that have already been adversely affected by agents of pollution. Therefore, both the OSPAR and the Helsinki Conventions take measures to restore the marine areas under their jurisdiction.[OSPAR Convention. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic. /html_documents/ospar/html/ospar_convention_e_updated_text_2007.pdf] [Wouters, P. and Vinogradow, S. Analyzing the ECE Water Convention: What Lessons for the Regional Management of Transboundary Water Resources? Yearbook on International Cooperation on Environment, 2003, pp1-10.] Fourth, the level of participation of the European Commission is similar in both the OSPAR and Helsinki Conventions. Generally, representatives from the European Commission attend meeting for both conventions but prioritize participation only at the level where decisions are made. This is attributed to constraints of resources allocated to the European Commission for such activities.Differences between the OSPAR Convention and the Helsinki ConventionIn spite of the similarities between the OSPAR and the Helsinki conventions, there exist various differences between them. The first difference exists in their areas of jurisdiction. The OSPAR Convention concerns itself with the areas around the North-East Atlantic Ocean while the Helsinki Convention caters for the areas surrounding the Baltic Sea. Therefore, whereas one Convention deals with the ocean, the other focuses its attention to the sea.Another difference bet ween the two conventions lies in the participation. This concerns the issue of competence which is less problematic under the Helsinki Convention than in the OSPAR Convention. This is because the final decisions in Helsinki Conventions are arrived at unanimously and each member state has a veto power. In the OSPAR Convention, the European Commission insists on exclusive competence for all substances monitored at the European Commission level. Member states in OSPAR are therefore not allowed to take decisions on matters concerning such substances. This runs contrary to the Europeanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Commission under the Helsinki Convention because under...

Pop Music Has A Long Established History - 1557 Words

Pop music has a long established history of proving their unoriginality and offenses through cultural appropriation. For some odd reason having money, fame, personal resources and being white come together to create a barrier around artists who believe they have the freedom to do whatever they want, with the exception of breaking the law. Instead they just weasel their way into another cultures ways and get to slap a sticker on it and call it their own. Major white pop artists from the past and present have always got called edgy , cool , or hip for something that a person of color would be called ghetto , trashy , or not get acknowledged at all for. The fact of the matter is in the eyes of pop music white is always right . Which bring me to this thought: in what ways does intersectionality affect white artists and the communities of color whom they culturally appropriate? In this paper I will address how current rap/pop artist Iggy Azalea edginess is not the realist, while co mparing her to another queen of appropriation, Madonna, and explain how these women use their benefits of race, gender, uprising, and stardom, to excuse themselves from stealing from other cultures without giving any means of acknowledgement. Iggy Azalea, was not the first rising star to be a culprit in the appropriation of other cultures and she sure won t be the last. Elvis Presley and Miley Cyrus would also fall into this category. Then there s Madonna, Madonna is known forShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of Chinese Popular Music And The Legend Pop Star Jay Chou1627 Words   |  7 PagesChinese Popular Music and the Legend Pop Star-Jay Chou Name: Zichao Lan Instructor: Erica Jones Teaching Assistant: Dhiren Panikker Course Title: Popular Music of the World Date: 7/24 /2015 Introduction When talking about China, people from other countries associate China with the Great Wall, the Terracotta Warriors, the Summer Palace, other landmarks. Chinese music is as an important part of Chinese history and cultureRead MorePittsburgh Music History1449 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout Pittsburgh history, the area has produced many acclaimed musicians and music organizations that have created music that has been enjoyed across America. Pittsburgh is a city of music with a history in Jazz, Classical, Pop, Doo-Wop, Rock, and most currently Rap. 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The Noble Chivalric Code And The Middle Class - 1489 Words

From the Anglo-Norman time period through to the Renaissance the construction of class gradually changed from a strict feudalistic system to an up rise of the middle class that challenged the nobility authority. Intertwined in all the literary works of this time period, there was growing tension between the noble Chivalric Code and the middle class. There were six very different pieces written by six very different authors, who represented very different ideas of class division based on the timeframe in which they lived. From chivalry as a knight to ideals of the middle class, this theme is presented thoughout. Chivalry was an ambition, an alluring ideal to which young knights might aspire. â€Å"While Chivalry definitely existed, there was no exact â€Å"Code of Chivalry.† Like a lovely dream, it had many interpretations. Because of this, the definition of chivalry was, and continues to be, in a constant state of change (Leffert).† Marie De France wrote â€Å"Lanval†, a lay, in 12th century A.D., which was during the Anglo-Norman period. â€Å"The lais combined realistic and fairy-tale elements, and their author was skillful in the analysis of love problems and often showed a keen interest in contemporary life (Legge).† Feudalism, the exchange of land for food and money, was extremely prevalent duri ng the reign of Henry II. The way the French/English division of class operated heavily influenced De France as she wrote this piece. Therefore, the class division within Lanval reflects the classShow MoreRelatedThemes in Sir Gareth1078 Words   |  5 PagesSir Thomas Malory wrote Le Morte d’Arthur in the middle of the fifteenth century and it has now become a paradigmatic representation of Middle English Literature. 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Knights of the Middle Ages were not always considered to be ofRead MoreKing Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table Essay2967 Words   |  12 PagesKing Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table The legends of King Arthur of Britain and his Knights of the Round Table, among the most popular and beloved of all time, originated in the Middle Ages. As they do today, medieval people listened to the accounts of Arthur with fascination and awe. It is certain that popular folktales were told about a hero named Arthur throughout the Celtic parts of the British Isles and France, especially in Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany (Lunt 76). Other storiesRead MoreEssay about Chivalry in the Middle Ages: Illusion or Reality?1922 Words   |  8 Pagessociety [that] clashed with the reality of things† , and in our rather cynical age, this is probably the predominant view of the middle ages. 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Mid Wisconsin Bank V. Forsgard Trading Free Sample

Questions: 1. Should the court have given more weight to the fact that Forsgards account had been overdrawn twenty-four times? 2. Should, as Lakeshore also argued, the right of a drawer to stop payment on a check trump a bank's right to recover for its loss? Answers: 1. The agreement that had been made between Mid Wisconsin Bank and the Forsgard Trading Inc. was very much clear and it stated that the bank would provide the provisional credit only after it receives the assurance that the collection of any deposit including the items drawn on the bank is complete and final. Lakeshore immediately after writing a check that was payable to Forsgard, issued a stop payment order. This was done after the Mid Wisconsin had already made the payment to Forsgard Trading Inc. This made the bank to deduct the same amount of $ 18500 from the account of Forsgard. However, it resulted in a negative balance as the account of Forsgard was overdrawn. This made the Mid Wisconsin bank to charge the Forsgard Company and it filed case against Forsgard. On January 8, 2002, the bank went forth with its case against the owner of the company Richard Forsgard, Forsgard trading itself and against Lakeshore (Smith). The Lakeshore, however, contends that it was not at all respo nsible for any such kind of issues. The stop payment order did not take away from the bank its right to recover the loss. Lakeshores point of view was that the stop payment order that had been issued by him was not against any legal act and thus, the bank could have easily recovered the money as and when the company Forsgard would have deposited the money to cover the overdrafts. According to the opinion of Lakeshore, he had issued a stop payment order that was very immediate, it was the very day, May 8, 2001, Lakeshore had deposited the check at the Mid Wisconsin Bank in its checking account, therefore the Mid Wisconsin should not have had any such issue regarding the act. Moreover, Lakshore states that the agreement that the company had with the bank did not allow it to render the credit immediately until the collection is final (Heberlein). Lakeshore says that the bank could place a hold on the check rather than giving immediate credit. However, the actual situation was that bank came to know about the stop payment order that had been issued by Lakeshore on 16 May, 2001. In between May 8 to May 16, many a times the account had been overdrawn, with a little amount left and the banks deduction from the account resulted in negative balance. Therefore, considering the situation and Lakeshores activities, Mid Wisconsin did take action against Lakeshore who was responsible mainly for the banks losses and also against the company (Bodenhorn, Howard). However, on the other hand the bank instead of issuing a case against both of the contenders should have waited easily and recovered the losses from the account of Forsgard when the company would have deposited money to cover the overdrafts. 2. The court did support the argument put forth by the Mid Wisconsin Bank. The court did put more emphasis upon the fact that the company and the Lakeshore had caused the banks losses. But at the same time, the court should have considered the fact that Forsgards account had been overdrawn more than twenty four times and thus, the bank could have recovered the its loss as and when Forsgard would have refilled its account (Ralston and James Cook.). The court should have taken into consideration the situation of both the parties, however, the decision of the court that Mid Wisconsin has the right to recover its losses from Lakeshore or from Forsgard was not totally incorrect. References: Ralston, Jeffrey L., and James Cook. "Impact of Prescribed Fire, Timber Removal, and the Seed Bank on Understory Plant Diversity and Canopy Cover in an Oak-Pine Barrens, Central Wisconsin, USA." Ecological Restoration 31.4 (2013): 395-411. Bodenhorn, Howard. Double Liability at Early American Banks. No. w21494. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. Heberlein, Thomas A. "Freudenburg and STARE at Wisconsin." William R. Freudenburg, A Life in Social Research. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2013. 27-34. Smith, Alice E. From Exploration to Statehood: History of Wisconsin. Vol. 1. Wisconsin Historical Society, 2013.

Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.) Essay Example

Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.) Essay DESTINED FOR WAR Jarod Bleibdrey, M. S. C. J January 20, 2013 As humans have evolved into vast, complex civilizations, a growing trend became notable to mankind, which was corruption. Speculating that Herodotus was the first true historian, and Thucydides was the second, then the Peloponnesian War would be the first form of government corruption in which war became inevitable. At this point, the war varies in perception of the two great alliances, and why the war was even fought. This essay will demonstrate how the Peloponnesian War stood as a great example of how superpowers become thrust into battle with one another, based upon corruption, vast difference in lifestyles, and the urging from smaller entities. Focus will be on how both Athens and Sparta’s political, social and diplomatic systems forced them into battle, but the battles themselves are of little concern in this essay. It was the â€Å"behind the scenes† events that can best explain and summarize the war. With the focus laying upon the causes of the war, it becomes important to remember that, what began as a great alliance, turned into the devastation of Greece and allowed the conquest of Philip of Macedonia to commence. Let us begin with the culture of Athens and Sparta, in an attempt to explain the vast contrast within the two city-states. The Spartans were obsessed with their military superiority, while the Athenians were interested in comfort and culture. Granted, the Athenian Navy was the strongest maritime force of the age, but more on this when we get to corruption. We will write a custom essay sample on Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The culture of Athens and Sparta was different to their core; everything from political to daily living conflicted, causing them to become competitive and distrustful of each other. The Spartan government was a very complex structure, which consisted of a dual monarchy, a warrior assembly (apella), a council of elders (gerousia) and the ephors. Herodotus claims that the two royal families of Sparta, which consisted of the Agiadai and Eurypontidai families, shared a common ancestry and could trace their lineage back to Herakles himself. Thus making the royal families by blood lines, which would be unable to be displaced, as opposed to that of military power, which could be overthrown. The kings were limited in their power as they only held command of the military. They had no influence in the laws which were left to the apella, gerousia and ephors. The apella was composed of every Spartan warrior who had reached the age of thirty. The apella’s primary functions included electing members for the gerousia, and the ephors. The apella held the ultimate power on matters of legislation and policy. The manner in which they voted was through a process of acclamation. Above the apella was the gerousia, which consisted of the two kings and twenty-eight members of Spartan warriors who had reached the age of sixty. The members elected into the gerousia served a life term, and could only be removed by the ephors. The true nature of the gerousia is unknown, but Herodotus wrote the gerousia could serve as a court to hear capital cases. The last political body of the Spartans and possibly the most important is that of the ephors. The five ephors were freely elected each year and attended much of the daily business of Sparta. Each month the kings and the ephors would exchange oaths, to which each pledged to uphold the position of the other. The ephors were the true controlling body of the Spartans, and thus resembled an oligarchy rule. It was this oligarchic rule of the ephors which insisted on the agoge, and placed Sparta into a militaristic focused city-state. The government in Athens followed a very different course than Sparta. Athenian citizens had the duty to vote or hold office. During the 6th century B. C. , Athens instituted a unique form of government in which the citizens had a direct say in the election of leaders. This early form of democracy was lead by Cleisthenes who created the Assembly, which comprised every citizen of Athens, and the Council of Five Hundred. This Council was comprised of fifty representatives from each of the Ten Tribes of Athens. This ensured each tribe had an equal say in the creation of laws and election of leaders. To ensure equality, the law was set that each member of the fifty from one of the ten tribes must not be related, nor hold the same occupation as any other member†¦to ensure there was no nepotism or common vestment. The Council of five hundred represented the legislative body of Athens. The executive power was placed within the Strategus, in which 10 generals were elected into office for one year terms, of these 10 strategi, one was elected as leader of the group and served as commander in chief. The judicial power of Athens was placed with the Areopagus, or the Supreme Court. This body was made up, primarily, of wealthy land owners who had been elected as archons (judges) in the past. This legislative, executive and judicial branched government is reminiscing to all modern day democracies. The major deviation from modern times being that Athens was a direct democracy, in which the citizens had to be present to vote. Each branch of the government was capable of vetoing one another, thus establishing a check and balance system. It was also customary to expel from the country, any speaker who became too powerful, in a process called ostracism. Every year the Council voted and one member would be ostracized (banished) for a period of ten years. Athens would vote by tossing colored rocks into a giant pot. This would be a very time consuming process as each topic would have orators speak on its behalf, and upon conclusion of the debate the voting would begin. The rocks were either white or black, where white stood for approve and black represented a denial. When choosing a person to ostracize, broken shards of pottery called ostrakon would be used with the intended person of exile name, etched onto the shard. After all votes were made, the numbers of each were tallied and the victor/ostracized proclaimed. This would take a long time and thus the Athenians prided themselves upon their dedication and attention to detail. This could have lead modern historians to view the Spartans as impulsive, and the Athenians as cautious. This has been a major misconception, as evident by the speech given by King Archidamus of Sparta, in which the Spartan King asked the council to exercise reason and caution before declaring war upon Athens. In turn, Pericles himself urged the Athenians to war against a dominant land army. Another difference between the two great city-states was their daily living and how it affected the trade in the two cities. The Athenian economy was heavily dependent upon foreign trade and because of their location on the Aegean Sea, maritime became life, and the sea meant life and livelihood. While trade was a necessity in Athens, Sparta relied upon their slave labor. The Helots (slaves) of Sparta were the driving force of Spartan agriculture, and allowed for Spartan’s excessive free time to translate into their dedication to the agoge. Since Sparta was cut off from the rest of Greece by two mountain ranges there was little trade being conducted, and thus alliances ere not a suitable strong point of Sparta. The Spartans rarely traveled from their city-state or allowed foreigners into it, thus making the only true vantage of joining Sparta, being that of their reputation in battle. With Sparta being an isolationist state, their perception would have been considered truth and fact, no matter what was written of them. One of the greatest differences between the Athenian and the Spartans regarded the ir attitude towards women. The role of women in the Greek city states of Athens and Sparta sheds light upon the acceptable values of their time. Spartan women had similar equality to their male counterpart (except for voting rights). Spartan women did little housework or sewing, as they relied upon their slave labor to conduct the daily chores. Due to the men being in the military and often away from home, the women had full authority over their households and were not forced into a life of only childbearing and housekeeping. Since Spartan women demonstrated a greater authoritative influence, the nation thrived and became a beacon of advancement, which would truly be a closer resemblance to modern civilizations than Athens. When Athenian girls came of age, their fathers offered them for marriage. Even as wives, they were required to stay indoors at all times, and their primary life tasks were child rearing, housework, and sewing, thus giving them no possibility to contribute to the Athenians development and culture. Sparta was uneasy, perpetually concentrating on war and the state of Sparta as a whole, while the Athenians focused their attention on comfort and found time to foster great thinkers in science, philosophy, literature†¦etc. With their differences in government, physical surroundings and views on women, Sparta and Athens represented the two very different ways a polis could have been back in the fifth century of Ancient Greece, and thus set them-selves on a crash course for supreme dominance, but war and battle would hold a true value to the Greeks, and so it was battles which lead to great alliances and enemies. In 478 BC, following the defeat of Xerxes invasion of Greece, Pausanias the Spartan led Hellenic forces against the Persians. He was an unpopular commander (who may have conspired with the Persians), and Sparta was eager to stop prosecuting the war. Sparta surrendered the leadership of the ongoing campaign to Athens, whom was eager to accept it. The Athenians now had their opportunity to take the reins and gain glory for themselves and Greece. The Delian League was inaugurated in 477 BC as an offensive and defensive alliance against Persia. The principal cities in the League were Athens, Chios, Samos, and Lesbos, but many of the principal islands and Ionian cities joined the league. Athens led the Delian League from the beginning, though at its founding the treasury was located on the island of Delos, and each state in the league had an equal vote. The assessment due from each state was assigned by Aristides the Just, leader of the Athenians; some members were assessed ships, others troops, others weapons, and others money. A council of all the cities met at Delos regularly, probably when bringing their assessment to the island. The turning point of the Delian league occurred in 461 BC, when Cimon was ostracized, and was succeeded in his influence by democrats like Ephialtes and Pericles. This signaled a complete change in Athenian foreign policy, neglecting the alliance with the Spartans and instead allying with her enemies, Argos and Thessaly. Megara deserted the Peloponnesian league and allied herself with Athens, allowing construction of a double line of walls across the Isthmus of Corinth, protecting Athens from attack from that quarter. Around the same time they also constructed the Long Walls connecting their city to the Piraeus, its port, making it effectively invulnerable to attack by land. The Athenian dominance within the Delian league was unmatched and unquestioned; this led to major changes within the Delian league and Athens. This progression and events will be discussed later within this essay. Reverting back, the Delian league was not the only alliance within Greece, as the Spartan lead Peloponnesian league also took root. In the second half of the 8th century B. C. , Sparta conquered Messenia, a state in the southwest of the Peloponnese. The land was turned over to Spartans and the Messenians turned into helots. The Messenians revolted in the middle of the next century, but after 17 years, the Spartans prevailed. By the time the Spartans were attacking the Arcadian city of Tegea, in the 6th century; her plans for the conquered citizens had changed. Tegea was made a dependent state obligated to furnish troops. Sparta soon created a confederacy of most of the other Peloponnesian states according them a similar arrangement: Sparta was in charge (known as the hegemon) and they would supply troops. Each had its own treaty and sent deputies to help in decision-making. This became known as the Peloponnesian League. Unlike that of the Delian League, the Peloponnesian league has no official start date, as each treaty was collected and approved over time and in that time the tag name of Peloponnesian league was given. This league was formed in recognition of Sparta’s dominance and no misconceptions of that were ever given. Each city-state that joined recognized Sparta’s military power as better than their own, and utilized the Peloponnesian League as a body guard against other city-states looking to invade them. Under the protection of the Spartans, their allies enjoyed a voice when they would have been forced to remain silent. Unlike Athens, the Spartans did not make their allies pay any tribute, but they did ensure they were governed by oligarchies (who would work in the interest of the Spartans). It is important to note: Argolis and Achaea were excluded from this league. Argos and Sparta had been at odds over the territory of Thyreatis. Their first battle had proved to be inconclusive, as the story goes, all but one on the Spartan side and two on the Argive side were killed. The Argives claimed the victory because more survived, and went back home. The Spartan stayed on the spot and therefore claimed he was the victor. The next time the two sides fought, the Argives clearly lost and forfeited the territory to Sparta. With two powerful alliances within Greece, one would conclude that war would have been inevitable; however, Sparta did not want to advance into war with Athens. Athens did not wish to advance into war with Sparta, but the corruption of Athens created a chain of events which spawned the forthcoming war. Thucydides expresses the cause of the Peloponnesian war to be that of Sparta’s jealousy and concern in Athens growing power. This is stated in Book 1 verse 23, when Thucydides states, â€Å"But the real reason for the war is, in my opinion, most likely to be disguised by such an argument. What made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta. † This view point is, in my opinion, very closed minded to the whole. The history of the Delian league leads to a better perspective in that the Delian League, particularly the Athenians, were willing to force cities to join or stay in the League. As an example to this, let us examine Carystus, a city on the southern tip of Euboea, who was forced to join the League by military force of the Athenians. The justification for this was that Carystus was enjoying the advantages of the League (protection from pirates and the Persians) without taking on any of the responsibilities. Furthermore, Carystus was a traditional base for Persian occupations. The Athenian politicians had to justify these acts to Athenian voters in order to get votes, and so they utilized oration to sway the public vantage of the situation. Next is Naxos, a member of the Delian League, which attempted to secede, and was enslaved; Naxos is believed to have been forced to tear down her walls, lost her fleet, and her vote in the Delian League. Thucydides tells us that this is how Athens control over the League grew. â€Å"Of all the causes of defection that connected with arrears of tribute and vessels, and with failure of service, was the chief; for the Athenians were very severe and exacting, and made themselves offensive by applying the screw of necessity to men who were not used to and in fact not disposed for any continuous labor. In some other respects the Athenians were not the old popular rulers they had been at first; and if they had more than their fair share of service, it was correspondingly easy for them to reduce any that tried to leave the confederacy. The Athenians also arranged for the other members of the league to pay its share of the expense in money instead of in ships and men, and for this the subject city-states had themselves to blame, their wish to get out of giving service making most leave their homes. Thus while Athens was increasing her navy with the funds they contributed, a revolt always found itself without enough resources or experienced leaders for war. † -Thucydides At this point it is important to note that Thucydides is an Athenian General, and even though he offers a large writing to state he will approach his historical account with eyewitness testimony and scientific based method†¦he is bound to bias. Even the name most commonly known as the Peloponnesian War is biased upon the Athenian view point. In Spartan record, the war is referred to as the Athenian War. In ancient Greek writings the name of a battle is given to the opposing side, as to infer the enemy started the confrontation and modern translation is inclined to demonstrate this. If at this point one is resistant to this view point, I offer Thucydides own words when commenting on why Athens became the dictator of the Delian League, â€Å"We have done nothing surprising, nothing contrary to human nature, if we accepted leadership when it was offered and are now unwilling to give it up. -Thucydides With Thucydides now shown as biased record, the observation of what truly caused the Peloponnesian/Athenian war is to come to light. Athens and Sparta were the superpowers of ancient Greece, with only Corinth possessing the ability to be of notable mention in matching these powers. In 454 BC, Athens moved the treasury of the Delian League from Delos to Athens, allegedly to keep it safe from Persia. However, Plutarch indicates that many of Pericles rivals viewed the transfer as Athens way to utilize the leagues monetary resources to fund elaborate building projects. They also switched from accepting ships, men and weapons, to only accepting money. The new treasury established in Athens was used for many purposes, not all relating to the defense of members of the league. It was from tribute paid to the league that Athenians built the Acropolis and the Parthenon, as well as many other non-defense related expenditures. It was during this time, Donald Kagan expresses, and the Athenian Empire arose, as the technical definition of empire is a group of cities paying taxes to a central, dominant city, while keeping local governments intact. This is what began to occur within the Delian League. It was turning from an alliance to an empire†¦against the wishes of the league. With Athens now being the most powerful of the Delian league, the smaller city-states were obliged to remain†¦or join Sparta. The smaller city-states are, in my opinion, the true cause of the Peloponnesian War, as they began to bounce from an alliance with Athens to Sparta and vice versa. If Athens and Sparta are to be viewed as two boulders, connected by a single chain (which represents the smaller city states), as the chain pulls from one to the other†¦the boulders become destined to collide. This situation is reminiscing to England v. France, U. S. A. v. Russia (Cold War) and multiple other wars since the Peloponnesian War. Both sides had many opportunities for diplomacy to take effect, and the outcomes pushed force into the only method of resolution. Diplomacy in Sparta consisted of the allies of the Peloponnese to take up the forum and express their grievances. Corinth laid the foundation and even though the Spartan king attempted to refrain from entering into a war with Athens, the council voted to declare war upon Athens for their many violations of the peace treaty. With that, an ultimatum was sent to Athens; The Spartan assembly decreed that Athens should abandon the siege of Potidaea and should give Aegina her independence, but the chief point was that war could be avoided if Athens would revoke the Megarian decree which excluded the Megarians from all ports n the Athenian Empire and from the market in Attica itself. The Athenians focused upon the latter of the demands, (seeing as they would not yield to the first), and in this Pericles gives a riveting speech to the assembly stating that giving in to any of Sparta’s demands would be an act of submissiveness and that would, in turn, lead to Sparta dictating further A thenian actions. The council voted for war and thus the Athenian war began. This was the final attempt at diplomacy before the two juggernauts squared off against each other. Diplomacy, to this point, has kept the giants in their respective corners, but the inferior city-states pushed them into battle. The Spartans knew of their inferiorities on the ocean, and of their perpetual tether to their homeland†¦and in so, they were limited. The Athenians relied upon their superior numbers, finances, navy and arrogance to see them through as victors. On paper the battle was desperately in the Athenians favor, but Sparta was breed for war, and Athens had turned friends into enemies. Finally, it is important to remember Athens set out with great intention, as the Delian League was a symbol of unity and cohesive teamwork. With that great power, Athens became dependent upon the tributes and became a superpower of monumental stature. Athens then began punishing any of those that wished or attempted to defect from the Delian league. It is now apparent why the Delian league is synonymous with the Athenian Empire, and proof that power leads to corruption. About now, one remembers that Sparta won this conflict, (with the aid of the Persians), and became the supreme ruler of all Greece. True to the Peloponnesian league, Sparta instituted an oligarchy within the borders of Athens, and that lasted for thirty years. It was not corruption that led to the fall of the Athenian oligarchy; it was the people and their customization to democracy. The oligarchy was overthrown and democracy was instilled back into the polis. This demonstrates that not all subjective groups with power will abuse it, but when power is free to be grasped†¦beware. The story continues to demonstrate how Athens and Sparta were so devastated by fighting each other, that Philip of Macedonia was able to sweep in and conquer all of Greece. This set up the perfect opportunity for Alexander the Great, (Philips son) to conquer the known world and spread the greatness of Greece to all corners. Without the Peloponnesian War, Philip would probably not been able to conquer and the Hellenistic theology would have been confined. When viewing epic battles between the boulders of humanity, it is essential to remember; the outcome is necessary for the future line of events to occur. BIBLIOGRAPHY * Donald Kagan, 2003, The Peloponesian War, Publisher: Penguin Group (U. S. A) * Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) * Aristotle, Xenophon, Aristotle and Xenophon on Democracy and Oligarchy, trans. J. M. Moore (Berkeley California: University of California Press, 1975) * Paul Cartledge, 2002, The Spartans, Publisher: Vintage Publishing (New York) * Nic Fields, 2007, Thermopylae 480 BC: Last Stand of the 300, Publisher: Osprey Publishing (Oxford UK) * Karolos Papoulias, 2006, Athens-Sparta, Publisher: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation (U. S. A. ) * D. M. Macdowell, 1986, Spartan Law, Publisher: Penguin Group (Edinburgh Scot. ) * C. A. Hignett, 1952, History of the Athenian Constitution to the end of the fifth century B. C. Publisher: University of Oxford press (Oxford) * Yannis Lolos, 2006, The history of Athens from the eighth to the late fifth century B. C. , Publisher: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation (U. S. A) * Herodotus, The Histories,ed. John Marincola, trans. Aubrey De Selincourt (London: Penguin Group publishing, 2003) [ 1 ]. Herodotus, The Histories,ed. John Marincola, trans. Aubrey De Selincourt (London: Penguin Group publishing, 2003) Vers e 6. 52 [ 2 ]. Herodotus, The Histories,ed. John Marincola, trans. Aubrey De Selincourt (London: Penguin Group publishing, 2003) Verse 5. 6-60 [ 3 ]. Herodotus, The Histories,ed. John Marincola, trans. Aubrey De Selincourt (London: Penguin Group publishing, 2003) Verse 5. 40 [ 4 ]. Aristotle, Xenophon, Aristotle and Xenophon on Democracy and Oligarchy, trans. J. M. Moore (Berkeley California: University of California Press, 1975) Verse 15. 7 of Xenophon â€Å"The Politeia of the Spartans† [ 5 ]. Aristotle, Xenophon, Aristotle and Xenophon on Democracy and Oligarchy, trans. J. M. Moore (Berkeley California: University of California Press, 1975) taken from Aristotle’s The Constitution of Athens [ 6 ]. Aristotle, Xenophon, Aristotle and Xenophon on Democracy and Oligarchy, trans. J. M. Moore (Berkeley California: University of California Press, 1975) taken from Aristotle’s The Constitution of Athens [ 7 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1. 79-85 [ 8 ]. Herodotus hints to this, but quickly states the facts are not there for condemning [ 9 ]. Kagan, 2003, The Peloponnesian War, Published by Penguin Group (U. S. A. ) [ 10 ]. Lolos, The history of Athens from the eighth to the late fifth century B. C. , 2006, Publisher: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation (U. S. A) [ 11 ]. Hegemon utilized by Thucydides to describe this relationship [ 12 ]. Cartledge, The Spartans, 2003, Publisher: Vintage Books (U. S. A) [ 13 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1. 19 [ 14 ]. Fields, Thermopylae 480 B. C. , 2007, Publisher: Osprey Publishing (U. S. A) [ 15 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1. 23 [ 16 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1. 99 [ 17 ]. Cartledge, The Spartans, 2003, Publisher: Vintage Books (U. S. A) pg. 181 [ 18 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1. 76 [ 19 ]. Kagan, 2003, The Peloponnesian War, Published by Penguin Group (U. S. A. ) [ 20 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1. 39 [ 21 ]. I utilize the term Athenian war, because it was the Athenians who ultimately decided to engage in battle, as the Spartans were trying to appease their allies and avoid war as well.

Socrates believed that right insight leads to right action Essays

Socrates believed that right insight leads to right action Essays Socrates believed that right insight leads to right action Paper Socrates believed that right insight leads to right action Paper Socrates believed that right insight leads to right action, this means that our judgment in choosing right over wrong causes us to do good. He says that our actions should be based from our reason and that ignorance causes us to think wrongly and in turn will make us do evil. We must conquer our ignorance if we want to do good in order to achieve our end goal, to have a happy life. A happy life is understanding what life really is, doing what is apt and conquering ignorance.Socrates philosophy has a big impact in my life. I know that I am still so ignorant about a lot of things. Even simple things like locating places in Cagayan de Oro and so many more. This bothers me so much it hinders me from being happy. It makes me uncertain of my direction in life. I am quite uncertain of my future, I am so afraid to move forward because I dont know what Im going to leave behind. I dont want to go to college because I am afraid of what it would be like, I am ignorant of college life and besides, it also means that soon, ill be graduating and I then will be leaving my family because if God permits, I would be working abroad, that has always been my dream.But Socrates said that ignorance hinders us from doing good then I realized, Im afraid not because by the thought of being away from my family, but because I dont know what to do in college, moreover, I dont have any idea on what life would be when I will soon be independent. I guess I am too spoon-fed by my family that I usually depend on their decisions and not on mine alone. I hate my ignorance; it thwarts my happiness, which is for me, one of my priorities that have to be achieved in my life.PLATO believed that reality is of two realms; the world of senses and the world of ideas. The world of senses is the material world, it is changing and there is incomplete knowledge. The world of ideas, on the other hand is the permanent world. Our soul belongs to this world; there is perfect knowledge of tr uth. I believe in souls, I believe that we are all souls and our bodies are only shelters. Plato believed that truth is difficult to understand because we fail to see that there are things that are really true. We dont use our minds. Just like Socrates, we fail to see the truth of something because of our ignorance.Many of us are materialist, I, oftentimes are. I see things by its appearance but not by its deeper meaning. There was a time when I encountered someone, who today, became one of my closest friends. I did not really like her at first because she looked, not really bad, but sort of untidy and at first I found her so annoying. I hated the mere sight of her but then, it just happened, I was given an opportunity to actually know that girl, and found out we have a lot in common.In that situation, I was trapped in the world of senses, I judged her by her looks which was not very attractive, yet, her real self is stunning. Compared to a time I tried to befriend someone who looke d so pretty, physically. However, I only ended up as her follower and I did not like it. The situation I once encountered is similar to the saying foul is fair, fair is foul. From that experience, I realized what Plato was saying the Idea of something is more real than the appearance of something. He was referring to the inner beauty of something is far more important than its physical features. Platos philosophy affected my life in such a way that I dont judge a book by its cover; I dont judge people through their appearance or status. Rather than, I first look into their real self, if they have good hearts, then, no problem.I can relate Arristipus Epicureanism in my life. Though I may contradict a lot of their belief, I would just like to point out some of the things the Epicurus believed that I too do. Pleasure to the max is slightly similar to my motto two years ago which is Live life to the fullest for the future is scarce. The future is uncertain, for the time being, you only have the present, therefore, we must make the most out of the now. But I dont mean living life to the fullest includes vices, I limit my motto to making my life exciting in a good sense. And it works! I have lots of joyful memories during my childhood years and even until now. The second thing I like about the philosophy of these people is about the four medicinal herbs, particularly about death is nothing to be feared.I believe that death is a natural occurrence; it is there for a purpose, to regulate life on earth. Why fear death? When we are alive, death is not present, when we are dead, then better death will not come back. But why do we fear to die? I made my own reflecting and I came up with an answer it is the process of dying which is frightening, not death. The uncertainty of how we die, how great the pain we have to go through before we pass away, is the main thing that make us fear. Another thing would be the fear of leaving behind your loved ones. Like when a mother stil l has dependent children to care for, the mother fears death because she worries about the future of her kids if she will die.I can relate this to the situation when I was in elementary. My mother was in manila, undergoing several operations, she told me that she almost gave up and nearly died, but she thought about what would happen to me if she no longer is there, and found the courage to fight. Whenever she tells me that Im her only reason why she is still around, why she still works, I often get teary-eyed I hate to think that death is unpredictable I dont want to see another member of my family pass away, to tell you the truth, I dont fear death. In fact, I would stand first in line to save my family, I could not bear to see my loved-ones pass. I know Im being unfair. I know I am wrong; this is one ignorance I find hard to rid off.

Good Management in the Public Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Good Management in the Public Sector - Essay Example To achieve this, all barriers to good management in the public sector should be identified and done away with. After the barriers have been eliminated, the officials serving in the public sector should find ways through which they can improve the quality of both management and work life so that the public can enjoy the services available (13). One of the barriers that come in the way of good management in the public sector is too much red tape. Excessive bureaucratic tendencies have been known to bring whole organizations down to their feet. When compared to the private sector, there is a big difference in the way matters are handled in the public sector, where there are too many people who must approve of something before it goes through (Denhardt and Denhardt 35). This kind of rigid conformity to excessive regulation not only impacts negatively on management roles, it also hinders timely and relevant delivery or services to the general public. Bureaucratic tendencies are also a recipe for uncontrolled misuse of power by managers in different levels of the public sector (37). In this situation, it becomes hard for the officials on the ground to offer quality services to the people that the government is supposed to serve with diligence. Another common barrier to good management practices in the public sector is corruption. Corruption in government offices comes in many forms and can include irregular financial dealings and power corruption. Due to the lack of clear policies which can act as professional guidelines for managers and employees in government agencies, there is a lot of room for misappropriation or resources, including funds (Cohen, Eimicke and Heikkila 23). Managing such a work environment becomes tricky especially when it is considered that people are normally unwilling to fight against such practices. When finances are mismanaged, or when an individual uses his influence in

For this essay, choose someone who serves you, write an essay that

For this , choose someone who serves you, write an that analyzes their service to you - Essay Example As I accept his support of my own college education, I marvel at his feat of having worked his way through college and being the first person from his family to graduate successfully. I am determined to emulate his hard work and focus on academics and adopt his tactics of time management but, at the same time, I hope to make my own attempt to utilize the extra-curricular opportunities that a college education offers. My father has always emphasized the importance of academic excellence, and he is a living testament to the power of education to change one’s life. Even when at High School, he realized that it was only academic excellence which would see him through school and college, as he was dependent on a merit scholarship for financial support. He chuckles as he recalls burning the midnight oil on several occasions, and his brother’s horrified exclamation, ‘He’s gone bonkers!’ when he declined to join him for late-night movies. Throughout his college years, my father adhered strictly to his maxim of â€Å"Study first† (Name, personal communication, February 19, 2009). I hope to retain this focus on academics during my own years at college, for the basic purpose of a college education is the assimilation of academic skills. As my father strove to maintain the grades he needed to retain his scholarship, he also juggled a part-time job at the local pharmacy after school hours. This helped pay for his personal expenses. He says, â€Å"That’s when I discovered the secret of time management: scheduling!† (Name, personal communication, February 19, 2009). His secret entailed writing out a ‘time table’ for the following day, in which he drew columns and assigned tasks for each hour. I do believe I have inherited my habit of writing a ‘to-do list’ every night from this trait of my father’s! Time management will definitely be one of the tools I employ as I set out to make the most of my college days. Perhaps on account of his financial

Dbq on Mongol Dominance Essay Example for Free

Dbq on Mongol Dominance Essay The role of Mongol dominance in the integration of Eurasia was an important role because of inventions, their ideas, and the politics. The inventions of the Mogols helped to turn them into a huge melting pot. In document 4 we learned of their invention of the passport. This allowed people to move to travel around the empire easier with less hassle. While they moved they carried their ideas and told other about them which cause that to spread causing many diverse ideas among the people causing major diversity and diaspora of ideas. The passport was later adopted by the Europeans. In document 6 we learned about their use of moveable type. They used it to write things easily and more efficiently. They could use it to spread their ideas along to other empires and so on. The ideas of the Mongols helped them with integration too. In document 1 with the excerpt from Genghis Khan was that people should have their rights and freedoms of their own religion and none be forced upon them. So religion and cultural aspects could mix and their society would flourish. I believe he said this because he saw other civilizations fall because of internal rebellion against people trying to force people into doing something they didn’t want to do. With his system though it allowed everyone to be happy about having their religious beliefs .Also when people talked about their religion with others then that cause new religions to be made with the combining of the talked about religion . In document 5 that Mongols had ideas of knowledge and were very educated in astronomy and engineering. They were not just brutes that tore down stuff in there path and took over places just to lead them carelessly, they were the exact opposite. They were intelligent and continued to learn and become a much more sophisticated society over time. It apparently worked because in Document 3 it showed the empires that the Mongols were able to take control of because of their ideas on how to rule places you have taken over. Politics were important in their society. Document 1 it was excerpt from Genghis Khan which was like a precedent to all future Khan Rulers. It told them how to act and lead their society. In Document 2 it had information about the roles of the women in the empire. After one of the Khans’s died it was the wife’s job to make sure that her son would be heir of the throne. This kept the throne within the family. It was like insurance that the ruler ship would be left to someone who was a worthy enough to rule a huge empire. The Inventions, ideas, and politics affected the role of Mongol dominance integration of Eurasia greatly.

Henry Ford :: essays research papers

The Success of a Man   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To say that Henry Ford dilly-dallied around before finally establishing a serious car company would be invalid. The 40 year old man had been acquiring valuable knowledge regarding business, engines, management, and most importantly cars. Now it was time to take a leap of faith.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1903 the Ford Motor Company came to be. Ford, along with other investors including John and Horace Dodge raised $28,000 and in the first 15 months produced 1700 Model A cars. These cars were known for their reliability, yet were still too expensive for the average American. Over the next five years Ford and his engineers produced models with the letters B through S, the most successful of which was the Model N (priced at $500) , and the least successful was the Model K (priced at $2500). It was obvious from the Model N that the key to the companies success lay in inexpensive cars for a mass market. The answer that Ford and the American consumer were looking for was the Model T.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Model T, a small, sturdy four-cylinder car with an attractive design and a top speed of 45 mph, hit the market in 1908. It’s success came from it’s attractive price, at $850, and more than 10,000 were sold in the first year alone. It was easy to operate, maintain, handle on rough roads, and immediately became a success. Along with success came expansion, and in 1910 he established another assembly plant in Highland Park, Michigan. Through interchangeable parts, standard manufacturing, and a division labor, the demand greatly increased for the Model T. It was at this time in 1913 that Ford introduced the assembly line and forever changed our economy, our industry, and our culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ford’s concept of an assembly line sprang from the thought that a car could be produced much quicker if each person did one, single task. He applied this in his Highland Park plant, and cut down production time of one Model T to a fraction on the time. The carefully timed pace of a conveyer belt moving the parts along further speeded the process. With these new tactics, a factory could produce 40%-60% more cars per month. By late 1913 he had established assembly plants in Canada, Europe, Australia, South America, and Japan. At this point, the Ford Motor Company was the largest manufacturer of cars in the world.

Child Labour Essay

Children are the flowers of heaven. They are the most beautiful and purest creation of God. They are innocent both inwardly and outwardly. No doubt, they are the beauty of this world. Early in the morning when the children put on different kinds of clothes and begin to go to schools for the sake of knowledge, we feel a specific kind of joy through their innocence. Introduction But there are children, those who cannot go to schools due to financial problems, they only watch others go to schools and can merely wish to seek knowledge. It is due to many hindrances and difficulties; desperate conditions that they face in life. Having been forced to kill their aspirations, dreams and other wishes, they are pressed to earn a living for themselves and for their families forgotten the pleasures of their childhood. When a child in order to earn his livelihood, does any kind of job, this act of earning a livelihood is called as Child Labour. Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour that is to be targeted for elimination. Children’s participation in work that does not affect their health and personal development or interfere with their education is generally regarded as being something positive. Whether or not particular forms of â€Å"work† can be called â€Å"child labour† depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which it is performed, as set out in the ILO Conventions. But before we go ahead, we must be clear about definition of child in our mind. In this regard United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)’s definition is regarded as standard, which defines â€Å"child† as anyone below the age of 18, and â€Å"child Labour† as some type of work performed by children below age 18. But, it must also be noted that individual governments may define â€Å"child† according to different ages or other criteria. Child and childhood are also defined differently by different cultures. a child is not necessarily defined by a fixed age. Social scientists point out that child’s abilities and maturities vary so much that defining a child’s maturity by calendar age can be misleading. Definition Child Labour is the natural outcome of extenuating circumstances, which evolve when the compelling forces of abject poverty, sprouting population, and non-existent facilities of health, education and welfare, exploited the deprived and disadvantaged populace. The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines child Labour as: 1- When a child is working during early age 2- He overworks or gives over time to Labour 3- He works due to the psychologically, socially, and materialistic pressure 4- He becomes ready to Labour on a very low pay History The concept of child Labour got much attention during the 1990s when European countries announced a ban on the goods of the less-developed countries because of child Labour. The curse gained power in the industrial revolution at the end of nineteenth century. The Victorian era became notorious for employing young children in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps. Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship. The children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget, often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay, earning 10-20% of an adult male’s wages. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. Not only in the west, but also in the East and Middle-East countries, this curse was rooted in societies, but not as intensely, as in the West. With the passage of time, with growing economic pressure, people had no choice but to make their children share their economic burden and help them financially. Statistics According to estimates by International Labour Organization (ILO), in their report of 2006, the number of working children aged 5-14 years was globally190 million. Country Child Labour Remarks Asia 122 Million Greatest in Number Sub-Saharan Africa 50 Million 26% of total Latin America 5 Million Least Rest 13 Million – The following statistics summarise the key findings from the third ILO Global Report on Child Labour Accelerating action against child labour which contains new global estimates on child labour. Children comprise of 60% of the world’s total. On average, one child in every seven can be classified as a child labourer. The incidence of child labour is highest in Africa where 41% of 5-14 years old children are known to labour, compared with 25% in Asia and 17% in Latin America and Caribbean. In 2008, there were approximately 215 million child labourers, aged 5-17, in the world. Among them, 115 million children were in hazardous work (a term which is often used as a payment, only food and a place to sleep. Children in informal sector work receive no payment if they are injured or become ill, and can seek no protection if they suffer violence or are maltreated by their employer. 10% of these children are working 60 hours a week. Classification UNICEF has classified child work into three broad categories: 1. Within the Family Children are engaged without pay in domestic household tasks, agricultural pastoral work, handicraft/cottage industries etc. 2. Within the Family but outside the Home Children do agricultural/pastoral work which consists of (seasonal/ full-time) migrant labour, local agricultural work, domestic service, construction work and informal occupation e.g. recycling of waste- employed by others and self-employed. 3. Outside the Family Children are employed by others in bonded work, apprenticeship, skilled  trades (Carpet, embroidery, and brass/copper work), industrial unskilled occupations/ mines, domestic work, commercial work in shops and restaurants, begging, prostitution and pornography. Its further classifications are: a. Migrant Child Labour Child migrate from the rural area to the urban or from smaller to larger towns cities either with their families or alone. They migrate either for better employment opportunities or to escape from bondage b. Bonded Child Labour Children are pledged by their parents/guardians to employers in lieu of debts or payment. The rates of interest on loans are so high that the amount to be repaid accumulates every year, making repayment almost impossible c. Urban Child Labour The phenomenon of urban child labour includes street children. These children belong to three broad categories: i. Children on the Street Working children who have families but spend most of their time in streets They earn for themselves and may or may not contribute to the family income. ii. Children off the Streets Working children who have left their families in villages or towns and have migrated to the city. They do not have a place to live and hence spend their nights at the railway platforms, bus stands etc. They live independently and usually spend all that they earn in the same day. iii. Abandoned/Orphaned Children Working children without families or whose families have abandoned them They spend their lives on the streets without any kind of support and are hence the most exploited and abused of the lot. d. Invisible Child Labour Children work in the unorganized or/and informal sector. They do not come under the purview of law. They constitute a substantial proportion of the child labour in the country. Most of them do not go to school and are involved in criminal activities. Causes There are a number of causes which are responsible for this curse; some of the major of these is discussed as below: Poverty International Labour Organization (ILO) suggests poverty is the greatest single cause behind child labour. There is also the high inflation rate to contend with. As of 2008, 17.2% of the total population lives below the poverty line, which is the lowest figure in the history of Pakistan. Poverty levels in Pakistan appear to necessitate that children work in order to allow families to reach their target take†home pay. Literacy and Educational Problems Majority of the population of the country is illiterate. It is pitiful that they themselves do not want to get educated. This may be due to any of these reasons: Quality education is expensive. To get their children educated, parents have to work more and harder to meet the expenses. This leads to disappointment among the parents and they either send them to â€Å"Madrassas† or send them to work. A student who has just passed his matriculation exams, and unfortunately was not able to secure good marks has very dull chances of making a profitable career in the future. Thus he joins some workshop and starts learning mechanics which enables him to earn a livelihood in the future. This may take long, but this always works. There also exists a phobia among teen agers that education is very tough, demanding and difficult. So, sometimes they do not go for education and always are in quest of alternatives. Irrelevant, non-effective and non- standardized, non-vocational education has made schools and education system just a burden to society. Illiterate parents do not realize the need for a proper physical, emotional and cognitive development of their child. As they are illiterate, they do not realize the importance of education for their child. Traditional Values In third-world countries, where child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalized child labour and thereby encouraged it. Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures, particular where informal economy and small household businesses  thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents’ footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services. Ignorance of Parents This is one of the important social cases often visible in step-parents and foster-parents. The parents are simply ignorant of adverse consequences of child labour. They just put their children to work and become contented that the total income of the house is increased. And if at all, they know about the circumstances, they are unaware of their rights and are less likely to complain or revolt. Sometimes, even adverse circumstances are noticed. The parents just leave their children alone and ask them to earn their livelihood themselves. Sometimes parents sell their children in order to repay debts or secure a loan. Ineffective Enforcement and Violation of the Legal Provisions Pertaining to Child Labour Even when laws or codes of conduct exist, they are often violated. For example, extensive subcontracting can intentionally or unintentionally hide the use of child labor. There may be a number of reasons for violation e.g. The laws may be vague, inconsistent or confusing. The government has not that much capabilities and resources to implement the laws. There may be some iron hands who do not want to implement the laws because of their own benefits. Justifications of Employers Child labour plays an important role in mills and factories because child labour is cheap, easily available, easily accessible and better managed as they are not able to unite against the exploitations. In countries with largest number of child labourers; India and Pakistan, mill owners justify the involvement of children in industry as they have nimble fingers which enable them to give special attention to details. Some, sort of work, they argue, can’t be done by adults as flawlessly as done by children e.g. embroidery, football stitching, carpeting, delicate glassware etc. On the  side of the firms, the low cost of child labour gave manufacturers a significant advantage in the Western marketplace, where they undersell their competitors from countries prohibiting child labour, often by improbable amounts. Other Factors Child soldiers are forcibly enlisted into military services and operations. The international sex trade places great value on child prostitutes. Girls and to a lesser extent boys also, are kidnapped from their homes (or sold) to networks of child traffickers supplying overseas markets: poverty and sexual and racial discrimination also drive children into tourist sex trade. Other factors may include high rate of inflation, population explosion, unemployment, uneven distribution of wealth and resources, discrimination among the nation and against minority groups, poor infra-structure, outdated social customs and norms and plethora of other factors. Forms of Child labour During the year 2001 and 2002 the government of Pakistan carried out a series of consultation of tripartite partners and stakeholders (Labour Department, trade unions, employers and NGOs) in all the provinces. The objective was to identify the occupations and the categories of work, which may be considered as hazardous under the provisions of ILO Convention 182. As a result of these deliberations, a national consensus list of occupations and categories of work was identified, which is given below: Work inside underground mines over ground quarries, including blasting and assisting in blasting Work with power driven cutting machinery like saws, shears, and guillotines, ( Thrashers, fodder cutting machines, also marbles) Work with live electrical wires over 50V. All operation related to leather tanning process e.g. soaking, de-hairing, liming chrome tanning, de-liming, pickling de-fleshing, and ink application. Mixing or application of pesticides insecticide/fumigation. Sandblasting and other work involving exposure to free silica. Work with exposure to All toxic, explosive and carcinogenic chemicals e.g. ammonia, chlorine, sulphur dioxide, organic and inorganic acids, caustic soda, phosphorus, epoxy, resins, metal fumes of heavy metals like nickel, mercury chromium, lead, arsenic etc. Work with exposure to cement dust (cement industry and  construction industry) Work with exposure to coal dust Manufacture and sale of fireworks explosives Work at the sites where Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) are filled in cylinders. Work on glass and metal furnaces Football stitching and making of toys Work in the clothe printing, dyeing and finishing sections Work inside sewer pipelines, pits, storage tanks Stone crushing Lifting and carrying of heavy weight specially in transport industry ( 15kg and above) Work between 10 pm to 8 am ( Hotel Industry) Carpet waving Working 2m above the floor All scavenging including garbage and hospital waste Tobacco processing ( including Niswar) and Manufacturing Deep fishing ( commercial fishing/ sea food and fish processing Sheep casing and wool industry Ship breaking Surgical instrument manufacturing specially in vendors workshop Bangles glass, furnaces Beggary, prostitution and other criminal activities Laws and Reforms Before we talk about labour laws, let’s first have a look at the constitutional provisions pertaining to child labour. †¢ Article 3: The state shall ensure the elimination of all forms of exploitation and the gradual fulfillment of fundamental principle, from each according to his ability and to each according to his work. †¢ Article 11(3): No child below the age of 14 years shall be engaged in any factory or mine or any other hazardous employment. †¢ Article 25(A): The state shall provide free and Setting-up credit and savings schemes in an attempt to provide alternatives to bonded labour. Vocational education is also one of the major clauses compulsory to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such manner as determined by law. †¢ Article 37(e): The state shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work, ensuring that women and  children are not employed in vacations unsuited to their age or sex, and for maternity benefits for women in employment. Following instruments of legislation deal exclusively with the subject of child labour. †¢ The Employment of Children Act 1991 †¢ The Employment of Children Rules 1995 Other than these two, there are other laws as well which deal with the employment of children and regulate the working conditions for employed child workers. Mines Act, 1923 The Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933 The Factories Act, 1934 The Road Transport Workers Ordinance, 1961 Shops and Establishments Ordinance, 1969 The Bonded Labour System Abolition Act 1992. The Punjab Compulsory Education Act 1994 Merchant Shipping Ordinance, 2001 Efforts to Reduce Child Labour Save the Children Movement Save the children has also been working with some of the sporting goods manufacturers represented by the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SCCI) and their international partner brands, represented by the World Federation of the Sporting Goods Industry (WFSGI). This joint effort is aimed at ensuring that children are not employed to stitch footballs. Save the Children has also worked on project with the British Secretary of State for International Development to phase out child labour in Sialkot. The  £750,000 donated by Britain will be spent on education and training, and also on SPARC SPARC has conducted research that goes into producing its publications, including three major books on child labour, juvenile justice and child rights. Its annual report The State of Pakistan’s Children and a large number of brochures, SPARC has conducted a number of research studies. SPARC has continued to ask successive governments to upgrade their laws to set a legal age limit for employment in Pakistan, although they have not been successful in doing so. Other NGOs Other NGOs that has worked on the issue of child labour in Pakistan includes organization such as UNICEF. UNICEF supported the NCCWD in drafting of the Child Protection Law and the Child Protection Policy and initiated the establishment of Child Protection Monitoring and Data Collecting System. Many other NGO such as ROZAN has work to protect the children. SPARC is also an NGO. Impacts on Society Some of the impacts of Child labour are as follows: Stunted growth of future generation Inability to contribute to and benefit from development Citizens with accumulated frustration Adult unemployment Depreciation in wages Rising poverty level and economic inequality Increased abuse rate of children Heightened crime rate Increased illiteracy Citizens with inferiority complex Malnourished and sick citizens Political instability Inter-generational phenomenon of child labour Increased constrictions in the development process Wasted human resources, talents and skills Suggestions to Eradicate Child Labour Possibly there can be no remedies for this problem. However short and long measures are possible. Rather child labour is banned in law but it is there as crime. However, it needs to draw the attention of concerns to the issue so that the root causes of issue may be explored and take a step forward with better strategy to cope with the issue systematically. The law-breakers must be punished accordingly. The parents of the children should be motivated for the purpose. The support mechanism should include schooling facilities, evolve marketing linkages of certain occupations and crafts by making communities the owner of their business preventing from external exploitation The children we employ in our homes will grow up and head  families of similarly low income. They will want their children to earn for them the same way they did for their parents. A steady family profession will be established, which will repeat and multiply in each generation. Until and unless we remove this economic incentive for having more children, poverty and population control will remain elusive. By refusing to employ a child in your home, you can help solve the problem As the provision of universal and compulsory education should be fixed upto matriculation at least, in the very start. This education should be completely free with free provision of books and uniform. The banks should advance loans for the affected families, as by micro credit banks, to start some cottage industry at their homes. Loans should be interest less and very small installments should be covered. All such cottage industries should work under the supervision of an expert. Also, facilitate and sensitize Government to take steps getting workers out of debt. For the purpose special funds might be allocated. Children used to labour can be best equipped with manual competence, by inducting them to technical and professional training. For them, special vocational institutes should be opened for best results, where education and technical knowledge shall go hand-in-hand. Small stipends shall virtually work wonders. Disabled children must receive priority attention due to their particular vulnerability to exploitation in the worst forms of child labour on the streets. Civil society and media’s engagement can change the attitude. It can raise awareness among people about child labour, population growth and its adverse effects on health and development, thus alleviating children’s vulnerability to get abused. Children should be guarded against hard work, in accordance with the children’s right and human rights. They should be provided opportunities to better their lot by giving them a chance to physically, intellectually, morally and socially to grow, develop and progress. Various international agencies are closely cooperating by providing monetary assistance besides material goods. All these materials and funds should be employed for their welfare, and, no one should be allowed to rob them of rightful privileges and facilities. In this respect, there is wide scope for N.G.O’s should come forward and chalk out practical planning for the alleviations of child labour. Summary The project is about a very controversial issue: Child Labour. The report  conveys that how the innocent creatures are bound to work for longer hours in very minute amount of income and gaining benefit of them. Child labor is a multi-dimensional issue. With no intentions of demystifying this complex, one would focus on the difference between child labor and child work, and possible consequences of deliberate or unaware exercise of the two terms interchangeably. Child labor reflects the violation of child rights leading to exploitation and deprivations of all kinds. Child work reflects social inequity and insecurity, dearth of social safety networks, magnitude of poverty, lacking of opportunities for health and education, and financial independence. The report also states the classifications, forms, reasons and impacts of child labour on society. It further talks about different laws and organization working for these laws. It also points out the ways to stop this curse. References en.wikipedia.org/wiki/child_labour www.ilo.org/global/topics/child-labour www.unicef.org/protection/files/child_labour.pdf www.ilo.org/ipec/facts www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/what_is_child_labor.html www.child-abuse.laws.com/child-labor www.childlabour.in www.childinfo.org/labour_education.html www.elct.org/about/overview.html www.tnchildlabour.tn.gov.in/causes.html www.childlabordata.com/the-effects.html Bibliography Child Labour & Educational Disadvantage a Review by Gordon Brown