OSPAR Convention and the Helsinki Convention of 1992 - 1100 Words

Comparing and Contrasting the OSPAR Convention and the Helsinki Convention of 1992 (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourseDateComparing and Contrasting the OSPAR Convention and the Helsinki Convention of 1992Most environmental problems have international repercussions. Many such problems occur on a global scope and; thus, individual countries may not fully address or mitigate them. Therefore, environmental concerns require the attention of global or international bodies in order to be fully addressed. Consequently, a number of international agreements, also known as conventions, have been formed to address international environmental problems. Two such agreements are the OSPAR Convention and the Helsinki Convention.[European Commission. Multilateral Environmental Agreements. European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/agreements_en.htm] The OSPAR Convention, officially recognized as the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, is a legislative tool for overseeing international cooperation on envi ronmental concerns of the North-East Atlantic. It is also an update on the 1972 Oslo Convention that regulated the dumping of waste at sea. The OSPAR Convention is managed by 15 representatives of governments of the signatory nations, and the European Commission. The Helsinki Convention, on the other hand, is an international agreement concerning the prevention and elimination of pollution of the Baltic Sea. The two conventions, the OSPAR and the Helsinki Convention, have various similarities and differences.Similarities between the OSPAR and Helsinki ConventionsFirst, both conventions take measures to prevent and eliminate water pollution. The OSPAR Convention watches and protects the North-East Atlantic Ocean from man-made pollution. It regulates the standards practiced by European nations on the marine biodiversity and the release of hazardous and radioactive materials into seas. The convention also monitors offshore oil and gas industries to ensure that these industries do not d ispose their waste products into the ocean. The Helsinki Convention is similarly concerned with the protection of the maritime environment. The member states of the Helsinki Convention agreed to take administrative, legislative and other appropriate measures to eliminate and prevent pollution of the Baltic Sea. By so doing, they individually or jointly undertake to restore the ecological balance of the Baltic Sea and the preservation of its ecology. Therefore, both conventions deal with the protection and elimination of pollution in the maritime environment.[OSPAR Convention. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic. /html_documents/ospar/html/ospar_convention_e_updated_text_2007.pdf] [Sadeleer, N. Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Approaches from the Nordic Countries, the EU and USA.(Earthscan, 2008)] Secondly, both the OSPAR and the Helsinki Conventions are international agreements involving the European Commission. The member stat es of the OSPAR Conventions, in addition to the European Commission, include France, Germany, Ireland, the UK and the Netherlands, among others. The Helsinki Convention brings together countries such as Germany, Finland, Czechoslovakia and Sweden, among others. The European Commission is also a member of the Helsinki convention. The role of the European Commission in the two Conventions is significant. The European Commission binds the entire European Community into the agreements of both OSPAR and Helsinki Conventions. Consequently, even non-member countries are obliged to uphold measures on the protection of maritime environment.Third, both the OSPAR and the Helsinki Conventions deal with the restoration of the marine areas that have been adversely affected by pollution or other environmentally harmful activities. The OSPAR Convention undertakes measures to restore marine areas around the North-East Atlantic Ocean and to ensure that such areas regain their ecological balance. This is important because ocean waters may receive pollution from various quarters, including inadvertent human activity. Consequently, some areas may be affected adversely from causes that are beyond manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s control. In such cases, the OSPAR Convention takes it as its responsibility to take remedial measures to environmentally heal such places. The Helsinki Convention, similarly, takes it upon itself to restore the biodiversity and ecological balance of the areas around the Baltic Sea that have already been adversely affected by agents of pollution. Therefore, both the OSPAR and the Helsinki Conventions take measures to restore the marine areas under their jurisdiction.[OSPAR Convention. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic. /html_documents/ospar/html/ospar_convention_e_updated_text_2007.pdf] [Wouters, P. and Vinogradow, S. Analyzing the ECE Water Convention: What Lessons for the Regional Management of Transboundary Water Resources? Yearbook on International Cooperation on Environment, 2003, pp1-10.] Fourth, the level of participation of the European Commission is similar in both the OSPAR and Helsinki Conventions. Generally, representatives from the European Commission attend meeting for both conventions but prioritize participation only at the level where decisions are made. This is attributed to constraints of resources allocated to the European Commission for such activities.Differences between the OSPAR Convention and the Helsinki ConventionIn spite of the similarities between the OSPAR and the Helsinki conventions, there exist various differences between them. The first difference exists in their areas of jurisdiction. The OSPAR Convention concerns itself with the areas around the North-East Atlantic Ocean while the Helsinki Convention caters for the areas surrounding the Baltic Sea. Therefore, whereas one Convention deals with the ocean, the other focuses its attention to the sea.Another difference bet ween the two conventions lies in the participation. This concerns the issue of competence which is less problematic under the Helsinki Convention than in the OSPAR Convention. This is because the final decisions in Helsinki Conventions are arrived at unanimously and each member state has a veto power. In the OSPAR Convention, the European Commission insists on exclusive competence for all substances monitored at the European Commission level. Member states in OSPAR are therefore not allowed to take decisions on matters concerning such substances. This runs contrary to the Europeanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Commission under the Helsinki Convention because under...

Pop Music Has A Long Established History - 1557 Words

Pop music has a long established history of proving their unoriginality and offenses through cultural appropriation. For some odd reason having money, fame, personal resources and being white come together to create a barrier around artists who believe they have the freedom to do whatever they want, with the exception of breaking the law. Instead they just weasel their way into another cultures ways and get to slap a sticker on it and call it their own. Major white pop artists from the past and present have always got called edgy , cool , or hip for something that a person of color would be called ghetto , trashy , or not get acknowledged at all for. The fact of the matter is in the eyes of pop music white is always right . Which bring me to this thought: in what ways does intersectionality affect white artists and the communities of color whom they culturally appropriate? In this paper I will address how current rap/pop artist Iggy Azalea edginess is not the realist, while co mparing her to another queen of appropriation, Madonna, and explain how these women use their benefits of race, gender, uprising, and stardom, to excuse themselves from stealing from other cultures without giving any means of acknowledgement. Iggy Azalea, was not the first rising star to be a culprit in the appropriation of other cultures and she sure won t be the last. Elvis Presley and Miley Cyrus would also fall into this category. 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While it is true that Elvis was not the inventor of rock and roll music, he was the first man to introduce postwar youth to the genre that would revolutionize American culture. The role Elvis Presley played in the evolution of popular music is unprecedented. His style has been impersonated, and his music is still

The Noble Chivalric Code And The Middle Class - 1489 Words

From the Anglo-Norman time period through to the Renaissance the construction of class gradually changed from a strict feudalistic system to an up rise of the middle class that challenged the nobility authority. Intertwined in all the literary works of this time period, there was growing tension between the noble Chivalric Code and the middle class. There were six very different pieces written by six very different authors, who represented very different ideas of class division based on the timeframe in which they lived. From chivalry as a knight to ideals of the middle class, this theme is presented thoughout. Chivalry was an ambition, an alluring ideal to which young knights might aspire. â€Å"While Chivalry definitely existed, there was no exact â€Å"Code of Chivalry.† Like a lovely dream, it had many interpretations. Because of this, the definition of chivalry was, and continues to be, in a constant state of change (Leffert).† Marie De France wrote â€Å"Lanval†, a lay, in 12th century A.D., which was during the Anglo-Norman period. â€Å"The lais combined realistic and fairy-tale elements, and their author was skillful in the analysis of love problems and often showed a keen interest in contemporary life (Legge).† Feudalism, the exchange of land for food and money, was extremely prevalent duri ng the reign of Henry II. The way the French/English division of class operated heavily influenced De France as she wrote this piece. Therefore, the class division within Lanval reflects the classShow MoreRelatedThemes in Sir Gareth1078 Words   |  5 PagesSir Thomas Malory wrote Le Morte d’Arthur in the middle of the fifteenth century and it has now become a paradigmatic representation of Middle English Literature. 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Mid Wisconsin Bank V. Forsgard Trading Free Sample

Questions: 1. Should the court have given more weight to the fact that Forsgards account had been overdrawn twenty-four times? 2. Should, as Lakeshore also argued, the right of a drawer to stop payment on a check trump a bank's right to recover for its loss? Answers: 1. The agreement that had been made between Mid Wisconsin Bank and the Forsgard Trading Inc. was very much clear and it stated that the bank would provide the provisional credit only after it receives the assurance that the collection of any deposit including the items drawn on the bank is complete and final. Lakeshore immediately after writing a check that was payable to Forsgard, issued a stop payment order. This was done after the Mid Wisconsin had already made the payment to Forsgard Trading Inc. This made the bank to deduct the same amount of $ 18500 from the account of Forsgard. However, it resulted in a negative balance as the account of Forsgard was overdrawn. This made the Mid Wisconsin bank to charge the Forsgard Company and it filed case against Forsgard. On January 8, 2002, the bank went forth with its case against the owner of the company Richard Forsgard, Forsgard trading itself and against Lakeshore (Smith). The Lakeshore, however, contends that it was not at all respo nsible for any such kind of issues. The stop payment order did not take away from the bank its right to recover the loss. Lakeshores point of view was that the stop payment order that had been issued by him was not against any legal act and thus, the bank could have easily recovered the money as and when the company Forsgard would have deposited the money to cover the overdrafts. According to the opinion of Lakeshore, he had issued a stop payment order that was very immediate, it was the very day, May 8, 2001, Lakeshore had deposited the check at the Mid Wisconsin Bank in its checking account, therefore the Mid Wisconsin should not have had any such issue regarding the act. Moreover, Lakshore states that the agreement that the company had with the bank did not allow it to render the credit immediately until the collection is final (Heberlein). Lakeshore says that the bank could place a hold on the check rather than giving immediate credit. However, the actual situation was that bank came to know about the stop payment order that had been issued by Lakeshore on 16 May, 2001. In between May 8 to May 16, many a times the account had been overdrawn, with a little amount left and the banks deduction from the account resulted in negative balance. Therefore, considering the situation and Lakeshores activities, Mid Wisconsin did take action against Lakeshore who was responsible mainly for the banks losses and also against the company (Bodenhorn, Howard). However, on the other hand the bank instead of issuing a case against both of the contenders should have waited easily and recovered the losses from the account of Forsgard when the company would have deposited money to cover the overdrafts. 2. The court did support the argument put forth by the Mid Wisconsin Bank. The court did put more emphasis upon the fact that the company and the Lakeshore had caused the banks losses. But at the same time, the court should have considered the fact that Forsgards account had been overdrawn more than twenty four times and thus, the bank could have recovered the its loss as and when Forsgard would have refilled its account (Ralston and James Cook.). The court should have taken into consideration the situation of both the parties, however, the decision of the court that Mid Wisconsin has the right to recover its losses from Lakeshore or from Forsgard was not totally incorrect. References: Ralston, Jeffrey L., and James Cook. "Impact of Prescribed Fire, Timber Removal, and the Seed Bank on Understory Plant Diversity and Canopy Cover in an Oak-Pine Barrens, Central Wisconsin, USA." Ecological Restoration 31.4 (2013): 395-411. Bodenhorn, Howard. Double Liability at Early American Banks. No. w21494. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. Heberlein, Thomas A. "Freudenburg and STARE at Wisconsin." William R. Freudenburg, A Life in Social Research. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2013. 27-34. Smith, Alice E. From Exploration to Statehood: History of Wisconsin. Vol. 1. Wisconsin Historical Society, 2013.